Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian Peppertree) extract used as antifungal to control Candida spp. in planktonic cultures and biofilms / Extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) utilizado como antifúngico para controlar Candida spp. em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes

Objective: The use of medicinal plants may be an alternative method for the control of Candida spp. Responsible for human infections. This study evaluated the antifungal effect of Schinus terebinthifolius extract (Brazilian Peppertree) on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei planktonic cultures and bio films. Material and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungal concentration (MFC) of the plant extract were determined by the broth microdilution method. Biofilms formed in microplate wells were exposed to the extract for 5 min (50, 100 and 200 mg/mL) or 24 h (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). After determination of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Different MIC (mg/mL) were found, such as 0.39 (C. dubliniensis), 1.56 (C. albicans), and 3.13 (C. glabrata and C. krusei). Besides, MFC (mg/mL) of 0.78 (C. dubliniensis) and 3.13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei) were also observed. Regarding the biofilms, significant reductions (log10) were found after 5 min and 24 h exposure to the plant extract, compared to the control group. However, C. dubliniensis was significantly affected only in 24 h treatment. Conclusion: S. terebinthifolius extract presented a significant antifungal effect on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. Krusei both in planktonic cultures and biofilms (AU)

Objetivo: O uso de plantas medicinais pode ser um método alternativo para o controle de Candida spp. responsáveis por infecções humanas. Este estudo avaliou o efeito antifúngico do extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius (pimenta rosa) sobre culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. krusei. Material e Métodos: Concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) do extrato vegetal foram determinadas pelo método de micro diluição em caldo. Biofilmes formados em poços de microplacas foram expostos ao extrato por 5 min (50, 100 e 200 mg/mL) ou 24 h (25, 50 e 100 mg/mL). Após determinação de unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/mL), os dados foram analisados por one-way ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferentes CIM (mg/mL), como 0,39 (C. dubliniensis),1,56 (C. albicans) e 3,13 (C. glabrata e C. krusei). Além disso, CFM (mg/mL) de 0,78 (C. dubliniensis) e 3,13 (C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. krusei) também foram observadas. Em relação aos biofilmes, foram encontradas reduções significativas (log10) após 5 min e 24 h de exposição ao extrato vegetal, em comparação ao grupo controle. No entanto, C. dubliniensis foi significativamente afetada apenas no tratamento de 24 h. Conclusão: O extrato de S. terebinthifolius apresentou efeito antifúngico significativo sobre C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata e C. Krusei, tanto em culturas planctônicas quanto em biofilmes. (AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do extrato glicólico de Stryphnodendron barbatiman (Vell.) Mart. (Barbatimão) / Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity activity of the glycolic extract of Stryphnodendron barbatiman (Vell. ) Mart

Stryphnodendron barbatiman (Vell.) Mart (barbatimão) tem sido utilizado popularmente como anti-inflamatório e antimicrobiano. Este estudo se propôs a realizar a análise fitoquímica do extrato de S. barbatiman (Vell.) Mart. (barbatimão) e verificar in vitro algumas de suas atividades biológicas, como: antimicrobiana, sobre culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, e Parvimonas micra; citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade em macrófagos murinos (RAW 264.7), fibroblastos murinos (L929) e queratinócitos humanos (HACAT); e ação anti-inflamatória sobre RAW 264.7 estimuladas por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli. A atividade antimicrobiana sobre culturas planctônicas foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Após, as concentrações efetivas foram avaliadas sobre biofilmes monomicrobianos. A análise de citotoxicidade foi verificada pelo teste de redução do brometo de 3(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)2,5-difeniltetrazólio (MTT) e a de genotoxicidade pelo teste de micronúcleos. A atividade anti-inflamatória foi analisada quantificando os níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 e IL-17) e anti-inflamatória (IL-10), por enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e Teste de Tukey, ou Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunns, com nível de significância de 5% (P≤0,05). O extrato foi eficaz sobre os biofilmes, redução entre 54 e 100%. O extrato não foi citotóxico para RAW 264.7 e L929 no tempo de 24 h nem para HACAT por 5 min e em 24 h 50 e 100 mg/mL aumentaram a viabilidade celular. O extrato de S. barbatiman (Vell.) Mart. não foi genotóxico para RAW 264.7. O extrato associado ao LPS aumentou a produção de todas as citocinas estudadas, exceto do TNF-α. Concluiu-se que o extrato de barbatimão foi eficaz sobre biofilme mono espécie de bactérias anaeróbias em concentrações não citotóxicas para RAW 264.7, L929 e HACAT (AU)

Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial are popular uses of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (barbatimão). This study proposed to perform the phytochemical analysis of S. barbatiman (Vell.) Mart. (barbatimão) extract and to verify in vitro some of its biological activities as antimicrobial on planktonic cultures and biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Parvimonas micra; cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on human keratinocytes (HACAT), murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and fibroblasts (L929), and anti-inflammatory action on RAW 264.7. The antimicrobial activity on planktonic cultures was evaluated by broth microdilution. Afterwards, the effective concentrations were evaluated on mono microbial biofilms. The cytotoxicity analysis was verified by the MTT test and the genotoxicity by the micronucleus test. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated in RAW 264.7 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli and treated with the extract, quantifying the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data that presented normal distribution were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test, and those that were not, were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunns test, with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Barbatimão extract was effective on biofilms, reduction between 54 and 100%. The extract was not cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 and L929 in the 24 hr time nor to HACAT for 5 min and in 24 h 50 and 100 mg / ml increased cell viability. The extract of S. barbatiman (Vell.) Mart. was not genotoxic for RAW 264.7. The LPS-associated extract increased the production of all cytokines studied except for TNF-α. In conclusion, barbatimão extract was effective on mono-species biofilm of anaerobic bacteria at non-cytotoxic concentrations for RAW 264.7, L929 and HACAT (AU)

Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol assist murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) in the control of in vitro infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans.

Microorganisms are capable to combat defense cells by means of strategies that contribute to their stabilization and proliferation in invaded tissues. Frequently antimicrobial-resistant strains appear; therefore, alternative methods to control them must be investigated, for example, the use of plant products. The capacity of the thyme extract (Thymus vulgaris L.) and phytocompound thymol in the control of in vitro infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) was evaluated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the plant products were used. The effect of these MIC were analyzed in the assays of phagocytosis and immunoregulation by analysis of the production of cytokines (IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-10) and nitric oxide (NO). The plant products effectively assisted the macrophages in the phagocytosis of microorganisms, presenting significant reductions of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The macrophages also regulated the production of inflammatory mediators in the infections by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. In addition, thyme provided a satisfactory effect in response to the bacterial infections, regarding generation of NO. Thus, the effectiveness of the thyme and thymol to control in vitro infections by S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans was observed. HIGHLIGHTS: Phagocytosis of S. aureus by RAW 264.7 was enhanced with thymol Thyme enhanced the phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by RAW 264.7 Plant products provided immunoregulation of inflammatory cytokines Production of nitric oxide was improved with the treatments in bacterial infections.